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发表于 2005-3-21 13:47:12
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Understanding Essential Skills
Essential Skills are the skills needed for work, learning and life. They provide the foundation for learning all other skills and enable people to evolve with their jobs and adapt to workplace change.
Through extensive research, the Government of Canada and other national and international agencies have identified and validated nine Essential Skills. These skills are used in nearly every occupation and throughout daily life in different ways and at different levels of complexity.
There are nine Essential Skills:
• Reading Text
• Document Use
• Numeracy
• Writing
• Oral Communication
• Working with Others
• Continuous Learning
• Thinking Skills
• Computer Use
To learn more about Essential Skills and how they relate to Canadian occupations visit the Essential Skills Equalizer. The Equalizer is an interactive learning tool that provides users with definitions, example tasks and skill sets for sample occupations.
For more information on Essential Skills, follow the links below:
• Essential Skills Research Project
• Reader's Guide
• 10 Myths we shouldn't believe about Essential Skills
Reading Text refers to reading material that is in the form of sentences or paragraphs.
Reading Text generally involves reading notes, letters, memos, manuals, specifications, regulations, books, reports or journals.
Reading Text includes:
• forms and labels if they contain at least one paragraph
• print and non-print media (for example, texts on computer screens and microfiche)
• paragraph-length text in charts, tables and graphs
Document Use refers to tasks that involve a variety of information displays in which words, numbers, icons and other visual characteristics (eg., line, colour, shape) are given meaning by their spatial arrangement. For example, graphs, lists, tables, blueprints, schematics, drawings, signs and labels are documents used in the world of work.
If a document includes a paragraph of text such as on a label or a completed form, it is also included in A. Reading Text. Documents requiring the entry of words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs are also included in C. Writing.
Document Use includes:
• print and non-print media (for example, computer screen or microfiche documents, equipment gauges, clocks and flags)
• reading/interpreting and writing/completing/producing of documents-these two uses of
documents often occur simultaneously as part of the same task, e.g., completing a form, checking off items on a list of tasks, plotting information on a graph, and entering information on an activity schedule.
The Document Use section of the Profile has three major components.
1. Complexity Rating
2. Examples
3. Document Use Profile
Numeracy refers to the workers' use of numbers and their being required to think in quantitative terms.
Writing includes:
• writing texts and writing in documents (for example, filling in forms)
• non-paper-based writing (for example, typing on a computer)
Oral Communication pertains primarily to the use of speech to give and exchange thoughts and information by workers in an occupational group.
Working with Others examines the extent to which employees work with others to carry out their tasks. Do they have to work co-operatively with others' Do they have to have the self-discipline to meet work targets while working alone'
Description of Work Context
This description, in the form of an untitled paragraph at the beginning of the Working with Others section in each Essential Skills Profile, outlines the ways in which workers interact with one another to carry out their tasks. This section covers four types of work contexts. Knowing whether workers work alone, independently, with partners or as team members will help readers understand the skills workers use in their jobs.
As well, this section provides an idea of the variety of work interactions found within an occupational group. Workers may work independently most of the time, but work with partners in certain circumstances. For example, "Longshoremen work independently when operating forklifts in the yards but work with partners to load cargo into the hold of a ship."
Types of Work Contexts
Work alone
Employees work alone providing products or information on progress to others.
Home-based production workers work alone within their home environments.
Work independently
Workers are not physically alone but work independently, co-ordinating their work with that of others.
Receptionists in a large office and production line workers with responsibility for a very specific part of the process are in physical environments that include other workers. However, they work essentially on their own.
Work jointly with a partner or helper
One worker co-ordinates and co-operates with only one other co-worker at a time.
A tradesperson works with an apprentice.
A dental assistantworks with a dentist.
Work as a member of a team
A team is a group of workers who produce a product or accomplish a task through combined effort and organized co-operation.
Members of a film crew work together to create a feature film or documentary.
Continuous Learning examines the requirement for workers in an occupational group to participate in an ongoing process of acquiring skills and knowledge.
Continuous Learning tests the hypothesis that more and more jobs require continuous upgrading, and that all workers must continue learning in order to keep or to grow with their jobs. If this is true, then the following will become essential skills:
• knowing how to learn;
• understanding one's own learning style; and
• knowing how to gain access to a variety of materials, resources and learning opportunities.
Description of Learning
This description, in the form of an untitled paragraph at the beginning of the Continuous Learning section in each Essential Skills Profile, outlines the ongoing learning or skills upgrading that is required in the occupational group. This description may include the following types of learning:
• training in job-related health and safety;
• obtaining and updating credentials; and
• learning about new equipment, procedures, products and services.
Thinking Skills differentiates between five different types of cognitive functions. However, these functions are interconnected.
Computer Use indicates the variety and complexity of computer use within the occupational group.
The Essential Skills Profile for an occupation describes how each Essential Skill is actually used by workers in that occupation.
Each Profile contains:
Introduction
• A brief description of the occupation.
• A list of the most important Essential Skills for that occupation.
Reading Text
• The complexity of the Reading tasks.
• Some example tasks.
• A description of how Reading skills are used, in a standardized form (a table).
Document Use
• The complexity of the Document Use tasks.
• Some example tasks.
• A description of how Document Use skills are used, in a standardized form (a list).
Writing
• The complexity of the Writing tasks.
• Some example tasks.
• A description of how Writing skills are used, in a standardized form (a table).
Numeracy
• The complexity of the Numeracy tasks.
• Some example tasks.
• A description of how Numeracy skills are used, in a standardized form (a list).
Oral Communication
• The complexity of the Oral Communication tasks.
• Some example tasks.
• A description of how Oral Communication skills are used, in a standardized form (a table).
Thinking Skills
Problem Solving
• The complexity of the Problem Solving tasks.
• Some example tasks.
Decision Making
• The complexity of the Decision Making tasks.
• Some example tasks.
Job Task Planning and Organizing
• The complexity of the Job Task Planning and Organizing.
• A description of the Job Task Planning and Organizing.
Significant Use of Memory
• Some example tasks.
Finding Information
• The complexity of the Finding Information tasks.
• Some example tasks.
Working with Others
• A description of how much Working with Others is required in carrying out their tasks.
• A description of involvement in supervisory or leadership activities, in a standardized form (a list).
Computer Use
• The complexity of the Computer Use tasks.
• A description of how Computer Use skills are used, in a standardized form (a list).
Continuous Learning
• A description of their participation in Continuous Learning.
• A description of how Continuous Learning occurs, in standardized form (a list).
Other Information
Descriptions of:
• The Physical Aspects of performing the job.
• The Attitudes that workers feel are needed to do the job well.
• Future Trends affecting Essential Skills used in that job. |
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发表于 2005-3-20 12:01:11
