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托福作文技巧搜集

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发表于 2007-8-6 09:48:01 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
准备考试写作文,搜集一些好贴子,一起分享。

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一。作文满分心得:
我个人认为TOFEL作文要求比较低,因此大家注意几点问题应该能拿高分。其实我的作文水平不高,GMAT才考了4.5,但我认为TOFEL作文因为是与语法放在一起,因此主要目的是考核你的语法应用和基本语言应用能力。所以大家准备作文时一定要注意你们的句子语法不要出错,多参考语法考试题的用法。另外准备一个模板很有用处,其实他的最大好处是大幅度提高你的字数,我大约写了320子,应该也是高分的一个原因。但模板切忌完全照抄参考资料上的,换一些结构和词汇
  另外一个方法是结构要清晰,5段论,起始句点主题是永恒的真理。我展开论述时用递进式,主题句写完后,开始写主题出现的背景,然后写为什么会出现主题,最后写采用主题句的好处(例如我的题目是阅读和写作能力是否有用,一个主题句是读写能力是现代社会的基本要求,展开:背景--现代社会在发展,大量体力劳动被机器取代,人主要从事脑力劳动;为什么出现主题--脑力劳动使得大量的阅读和写作工作出现,以传递和沟通;主题的好处--只有读写能力强才能正确领会和传递信息,提高效率。)
  那些参考资料没有什么用处,平时要多写,因为在30分钟写300多字强度很大,没有练习会抓瞎的,我写了20多篇,不同的类型都练了,再加上GMAT作文的功底,所以我的作文功夫化了不少。
  另外一个是拼写和词汇的问题。我是机考,拼写是很重要的因素,在电脑敲字容易出错,但为了早知道成绩,不得已为之。因此平时练习先用写字板程序写,写完贴到WORD上,看看那些是拼写错误,会有一些词反复出现错误,要多练这些词。另外一个是词汇问题,开始写的时候如果遇到不会写的词,不要用另外一个方法表述,你把它空着,写完后在查,然后背下来,积累个20几篇作文,词汇问题就解决了。
  感谢寄托天下的朋友的帮助,我也尽点绵薄之力,希望大家都考好,实现梦想。我可以告别GT了,好兴奋,数年了我前前后后考过2次GRE,3次TOFEL,1次GMAT,终于熬出头了!

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二。从基础写作上升到托福作文_托福技巧与心得
1 首先关于篇幅:请大家务必要把作文的长度保持在300字以上,最好能有400字左右。
2 其次是你文章的文体格式(style):是不是按照ETS所要求的论文体(academic)来写的。
3 看你在文章中是否有修辞:大家不妨在文章中使用排比、拟人、比喻等修辞手法,甚至引用和倒装这样的假修辞都会是你的加分法宝。
4 要注意你关键句的句型:关键句是指首段观点句、理由段首句和结论段首句。关键句一定要使用复杂句,最好是使用倒装句或强调句。
5 用词是否多样化:同一意思尽量用不同的词来表达而不要重复
6 看你的例子是否完美支持中心思想,这一点是最近才提出的,也是考生们比较难把握的,我建议大家平时多看托福写作题库,结合多思考,多搜集话题,争取做到烂熟与胸。
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 楼主| 发表于 2007-8-6 09:49:46 | 显示全部楼层

回复: 托福作文技巧搜集

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三。TOEFL高分作文的奥秘何在?笔者认为,考生务必从以下四点入手,即:内容简单化、结构模式化、语言要包装、考前要强化。
  
1、内容简单化
  内容简单化是考生在构思托福作文时应遵循的原则。考生不论是在练习时还是在考场上都应当牢记这一点。许多考生在作文上败下阵来就是因为花费了大量的时间和精力追求内容的新颖别致。ETS出托福作文试题时特别注意选择一些弹性不是很大的题目,因为托福考试作为一种语言测试方式,其重点在于测试考生英语语言水平,它不像GMAT和GRE这类智商型考试那样测试考生逻辑思辩的能力;如果设置弹性较大的题目,评卷人在评分时就不容易把握。事实上,托福作文考试的内容并不会给评卷人留下太深的影响,参阅任何一本托福指南书的考生都可以发现书中范文的内容不会有太多新意,评卷人评判的是考生的作文能力,考生在构思时只要保证自己的内容符合逻辑,能够言之有理、言之成理、切题即可,然后把更多的注意力放在如何追求语言的得体性上;有的考生在考场上绞尽脑汁,想要找出些绝妙的内容来吸引评卷人的特别关注,结果往往是花费了十分的心思只得到一分的回报,有时反而会弄巧成拙,使评卷人的注意力转移方向,影响得分。在考场上,笔者认为考生在构思内容上所花的时间不应超过5分钟,在认真读题并将其理解透彻以后,考生可以在试卷题目下方的空白处列一个简短的提纲,用中文即可,以此作为写作过程中内容的提示,在提笔开始写作的过程中就可将重点放在保证语言的流畅得体上,不会因为内容而中断思路。
  
2、结构模式化
  TOEFL高分作文的第二大策略是结构模式化,这也是最核心的一条策略。通览以往的TOEFL作文考题,细心的考生不难发现,托福作文考题不仅题目弹性很小,而且题型相结稳定,这就为考生在短期内提高作文分数创造了一个条件,使考生完全可以在考前针对考试中可能出现的题型按照固定的结构模式进行训练。TOEFL作文考题从语言形式上可大致分为三个类型,第一种为二选一,即题目给出两种观点,问考生倾向于哪一种观点,但近两年这类题目转向隐蔽化,考生要学会“拨云见日”,将隐蔽的题目转化成熟悉的题型。例如1998年5月的托福作文题目:你朋友有一笔钱,你认为是应该用这笔钱买车还是度假,这就是典型的隐蔽化的二选一题型,可以转化为:一些人认为,你朋友应该用这笔钱买车,而另一些人认为你朋友应用这笔钱度假,你同意哪一种观点。第二种题型是提出一个观点,问考生同意与否。1998年8月的考题就属这一类型,题目说向朋友借钱会影响朋友之间的友谊,问考生是否同意这一观点。第三种题型是要考生在题目所给的若干事物中选出一种说明其某种特性。观察近年的TOEFL作文考试可以看出,每年每种题型都会出现一次。
  固定的题型自然有较为固定的模式与之相配,下面笔者将详细解释前两种题型的结构模式。二选一的题型有三种结构模式,一是一边倒的结构模式,即考生完全倾向于一种观点。这一模式又可分为两种,一边倒和修正型一边倒。

一边倒是说考生在文章中完全同意一种观点,这种写法的优点在于思维单一,只需要列举几个理由,并展开讨论,不会由于内容复杂而产生逻辑的混乱,而缺点在于相对单一的内容会使考生觉得没有太多话可写。

修正型一边倒的写法是指考生即可以写赞成这种观点的理由,也可以谈反对它的理由,但由于赞成的理由多于反对的理由,所以最终考生还是同意这一种观点。这种写法显出考生的态度较为客观,不武断,而且从正反两方面谈,考生写起来会觉得可写的内容较多。

第二种二选一题型的结构模式是折衷的写法。考生可以先写赞成一种观点的几点理由,接着写赞成另一种观点的理由,最后考生就自己的情况,明确表示最终赞成哪一种观点。有人可能会提出质疑,说题目要考生明确表示自己倾向何种观点,这种既说甲好又说乙好的折衷写法是不是跑题。事实是,这种写法不仅符合题意,而且是最符合实际情况的。所以,在考试中完全可行。

如有这样一道题目,一些人认为公司应当雇用年轻、有朝气和创造力的职员,而另一些人认为应当雇用有资历、有经验的老职员,你同意哪一种观点。针对这一题目,有一个考生写道:在雇用职员时常常会发生争论,有人认为应雇用年轻、有朝气和创造力的职员,而另外一些人觉得要雇用年龄大、资历老且有经验的职员。赞成雇用年轻职员的人通常会列举这样的理由:……,而赞成雇用年老职员的人会说:……,假如我是一个广告公司的经理,就我的实际情况而言,在雇用策划人员时,我会选择年轻职员,因为…,而在管理阶层,我会选择一些有经验的老职员……。这篇作文在实际TOEFL考试中的得分是6分。二选一的题目还可以这样写:先说赞成一种观点的理由,再说不赞成这种观点的理由,就个人而言,比较倾向另一种观点并陈述理由。
  第二种题型的结构模式相对简单得多。针对提出的一种观点问考生同意与否这种题型,考生应在第一段里明确表态是同意还是不同意题目所给观点,然后用二到三个自然段举例来支持自己的态度,最后一段做一小结,并再次表明自己的态度。这种题型的诀窍在于凭例证和事实说话,但考生要学会提炼事实不要在文章中讲一个冗长的故事,因为考试有时间和字数的限制。
  有考生也许会问,既然结构模式化是TOEFL高分作文的核心策略,那么有没有一种以不变应万变的固定模式来对付所有的作文题型呢?考生可以尝试这种模式:即先提出自己某观点或事物的看法,然后列举理由,最后得出结论,事实上就是在写议论文时常用的三大块结构,但考生要根据具体情况具体分析,绝不可以机械地生搬硬套,这样反而会影响成绩。
  
3、语言要包装
  做到内容简单化和结构模式化,考生就已经向TOEFL高分作文的目标迈进了一大步,如果考生还能在语言的细节上下一些功夫,TOEFL作文的分数就会更上一层楼,这也就是我们接下来要谈的第三大策略:语言要包装。前面我们已经说过,TOEFL作文的测试重点是考生的语言能力,因而在语言细节上下一点功夫就可以让考生展示自己的语言修养。
  作文中语言的包装主要应从以下六点入手。
  首先是语法方面的包装。考生要注意在作文中选取一个中心时态,通常选取一般现在时即可,但在陈述具体例证时要根据不同的情况变换时态。TOEFL明确要求高分作文的句子要做到多样化,所以最好不要全盘使用简单句,这样会降低文章的层次、复杂句和简单句应在文章中交叉出现,而对一些描述性的例证以及临时想起的内容可以使用简单句。
  词汇的包装是个较为艰巨的过程,但单从TOEFL应试的角度而言,考生可以精选一些TOEFL高分作文学习,吸取其中的语言营养,对其中的用词进行细致的研究和模仿,在练习时尽量使用范文中一些常用的优秀词汇。
  语言包装的第三点是注意文化移入,TOEFL作文的评卷人与考生来自完全不同的文化背景,许多考生认为正常的习惯表达法也许是评卷人根本无法理解的,所以这种跨文化的交际行为具有危险性,考生如果把握不好会起到反作用。应当尽量避免使用带有比喻色彩的修辞手法,因为喻体的不同会带来文化理解的问题,举一个最简单的例子,中国人在形容非常着急时常常比喻说就像“热锅上的蚂蚁”,但如果在和文中出现“ants on a hot stove”,TOEFL的评卷人不会明白是什么意思,西方对应的说法是“a cat on hot bricks”(滚烫的砖块上的猫)。在文化移入方面也有一些成功的例子可供借鉴,考生在文章中可以使用一些中国历史或典故,但前提条件是考生可以用英文将其解释清楚,这样不仅可以向评卷人展示自己的语言解释能力,还可以通过这种文化移入为博得评卷人的好感。
  同样在引用名人名言时考生也要特别注意:中国人习惯用别人说的话来证明自己的观点,而西方人引用名人名言通常都是为了进行批判性分析,这也是东西方文化上的一大差异,建议考生心意一不要使用名人名言,而应当用自己的逻辑去说服对方。
  说到这里自然就引出五一个语言包装的问题:应不应当在作文中作用谚语,大多数考生会觉得这些语言对评卷人而言已是陈词滥调,不应该在他们面前卖弄,事实恰恰相反,非英语国家的考生使用谚语常常会给英语国家的评卷人留下良好的印象,他们认为只有英语功底很扎实的考生才能正确地使用谚语。因此,在对所用表达法把握很大的情况下,考生不妨在作文中写一些地道的英语习语。
  语言包装的最后一点是文体意识。普林斯顿所提供的评分标准中非常明确地指出考生所写的文章应当是academic(学术性)的,考生在提笔之前应当清楚地认识到现在这篇文章应当是学术性的正式文体,在遣词造句时要抛弃口语体的非正式的词汇和句型。
 
4、考前要强化
  前面所讲的三大策略都是针对托福作文具体写作过程而言,接下来要说的第四大策略主要针对考前准备,即:考前要强化。任何事物都是要在实践中得到证明的,想要写出真正的TOEFL高分作文,除了要学习领会前面的三大策略外,考前准备时还有三点需要注意,一是考生一定要提起笔来写,只有拿起笔真正写过文章的人在考场上才有可能将种种策略运用开来,赢得高分。应该写什么,又该怎样写呢?建议考生每个题型写两篇文章,对照范文找差距,不断修改,不断完善,这个过程不仅会帮助考生强化固定的结构模式,还可以使他们在语言方面做好准备。练习的要点是宜精不宜多,不要走入只写不改、以多求胜的误区。二是要研究范文,而不是机械地背诵范文,研究范文要抓住文章的构思、结构、句式、词汇等方面;考生可以在范文旁边写下自己的评语:别人为什么这样写,这样写究竟高明在哪里,这个句式为什么要在这里用,可不可以移入自己的文章等等,从而把文章彻底理解并消化吸收。三是要在考前准备句式文章,因为TOEFL的作文有固定的结构、在学习范文时考生可以自己整理出一篇句式文章,而不是单纯的一个句型一个句型孤立地去背。文章的开头会采用什么样的句式,中间每段的主题句应该放在什么位置,如何去写,最后怎么结束,这些都弄清楚,整理好了,托福作文就变成了一篇完形填空,考生只须针对不同的题目填充不同的具体内容即可。

  在文章的末尾,还想提醒考生注意一点,作言语是一个考生占动的测试项目,考生自己完全可以决定写什么不写什么,所以在实际的写作过程中,应当采取回避的态度扬长避短,没有把握的词汇、句式或表达法尽量不同,多用一些自己很熟悉很有信心的词句。
  
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 楼主| 发表于 2007-8-6 10:09:42 | 显示全部楼层

回复: 托福作文技巧搜集



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四。如何在30分钟内写完托福作文


快速

熟悉考场写作三个步骤的时间分配:


第一步:审题、确定立场、列出理由(只需要在草稿 纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由,防止遗忘)最少3分钟最多5分钟。
要避免两个极端:
用时太少,理由没有想清楚就开始写作,不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清,还会引起行文中频繁 的修正,欲速则不达;
用时太多,不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔,各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑,只要你的思维还是正常的,一定能做到。

第二步:正文写作
最少22分钟最多26分钟。
a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视: 主题句给予最大重视,注意炼句,别说你不想写主题句,主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落写什么。
各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式: 有n种选择可供参考:1. 举具体事例 2. 说对方相对缺点3. 使用数据 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。 哪一种你最容易想出来,就用
哪一种。
b.考前在练习和模考时把他们用熟,要象做完型填空一样对待考场作文。别试图在考场上再现去决定比如哪种开头好,怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套话。
c.当被告知还有5分钟结束时,一般你已经该写到最后一条理由,或者已经在做结尾。要确保文章有结尾段。(不排除将他和最后一条理由的末段结合在一起的可能性)
第三步:检查
需要1-3分钟
有侧重点地检查:
1、句法:确保每句话是完整的,有谓语,且简单句只有一个谓语。

2、时态:文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事例时用的是过去时;

3、主谓一致
按此三步,持续练习5篇以上,可以确保时间问题。
整洁:

A、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文,你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性,太硬会擦破纸,有错误要擦干净再改;
B、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小,通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好,可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母的写法。
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 楼主| 发表于 2007-8-6 10:18:25 | 显示全部楼层

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五。Use a variety of sentence types 用多种的句型

1. Instead of ...

I agree with this idea for several reasons.

Try...

For several reasons, I agree with this idea.

2. Instead of ...

I support Idea A even though Idea B has some positive attributes.

Try...
Even though Idea B has some positive attributes, I support Idea A.

*Use signal words to indicate transitions表达转变的词

*Expressions Used to List Points, Examples, or Reasons:

1. First Example or Reasons 举例或理由

Frist,...

The first example is...

The first reason for this is that...

2. Additional Examples or Reasons 其他的例子和理由

Second....(Third, Fourth)

A second example is that...

Another example is...

In addition,...

Furthermore,...

Moreover,...

3. Final Examples or Reasons 最终的例子和理由

Finally,...

4. To Give Individual Examples 个人例子

For example,...

For instance,...

To give a specific example,... X is an example of Y.

5. To show Contrast (A is different from B)对照

However,...

On the other hand,...

6. To show Concession让步( A is ture,
but, more importantly, B is also true) 比较

However,...

Nevertheless,...

7. To show a Conclusion 表述结论

Therefore,...

Consequently,...

Thus,...

8. To Show Similarity 表述相似

Likewise,...

Similarly,...

9. To begin a Concluding Paragraph 结论段的开始

In conclusion,...

In summary,...



Follow a clear, logical organization清晰,有逻辑的组织文章

Topic Type A: Contrast /Opinion

Introduction:


Paragraph 1:Present the two sides of the issue;give a brief amount of the background information.

Body:

Paragraph 2:Discuss the negative side of the issue;give examples.              

Paragraph 3:iscuss the positive side of the issue;gvie examples.

Conclusion:

Paragraph 4:Express your own opinion about the issue; give specific reasons for your decision.

Topic Type B: Explain the importance of a development, an invention, or a phenomenon

Introduction:

Paragraph 1: Explain what development you have chosen to write about, and why.

Body:

Paragraph 2:discuss one
aspect fo why this development is important;give examples.

Paragraph 3: Discuss another aspect of why this development is important ;give examples.

Conclusion:

Paragraph 4: Summarize the points made in paragraphs 2 and 3.
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 楼主| 发表于 2007-8-6 10:20:09 | 显示全部楼层

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六。http://come.6to23.com/toeflhome/write8153.htm

TWE写作技巧:思路篇

  Having enough reason to support your choice is essential in TOEFL writing. Here I listed some good reasons for a point as a sample.
  西方人经常提及的辩论话题之理由:(注意,有些理由在TWE中会被认为是重复的。只做欣赏。 另外,从中我们可以对自己的逻辑思维更加自信。)
  1. Smoking
  For:
  1. it is pleasurable and relaxing
  2. it is one's right
  3. it is difficult to stop smoking
  4. it is an old custom going back hundreds of years
  5. it is not always dangerous to one's health
  6. it makes socializing easier
  7. it is an important source of tax revenue
  8. intoxication is a natural drive (e.g., coffee, drugs, alcohol)
   Against:
  1. it is harmful to one's health (e.g., heart disease, bronchial trouble, lung cancer )
  2. it is harmful to those nearby
  3. it is a dirty and expensive habit
  4. it is addictive (i.e., nicotine)
  5. it is quickly being banned in public areas
  6. it lives off deceptive advertising


  2. School Uniforms
  For:
  1. they build character
  2. they eliminate class differences
  3. they allow students to better concentrate on their studies
  4. they are popular with parents and administrators
  5. they are inexpensive
  6. they are attractive and neat
  7. they eliminate the need to choose what to wear every day
  8. many countries have them
  Against:
  1. they lead to conformity
  2. they are disliked by students (students like to primp)
  3. they create a military mentality
  4. they are an infringement on our freedom (different strokes for different folks)
  5. they are ugly and childish
  6. they deprive youths of an important choice: what to wear
  7. they are losing popularity everywhere
  3. Legalized Gambling
  For:
  1. it reduces taxes
  2. it is a source of government revenue
  3. it is gaining popularity in the world
  4. it is an old practice dating back thousands of years
  5. it is pleasurable (e.g., horse racing, casinos)
  6. it is voluntary
  7. many people play poker and mahjong
  Against:
  1. it is banned in most countries
  2. it is condemned by most religions
  3. it can become addictive
  4. it encourages people to throw away their hard-earned savings
  5. it teaches people not to work for money
  6. it can destroy happy families
  7. it can lead to suicide
  8. it is easily controlled by the Mafia (e.g., bookmakers )



  4. City Life
  For:
  1. it is exciting
  2. it attracts people from the countryside
  3. it offers the best schools, hospitals, and stores
  4. it offers many amenities (e.g., swimming pools, bowling alleys, and sports stadiums )
  5. it offers many chances of employment
  6. its noise and overcrowding are hardly noticeable
  7. cities have an efficient public transportation system
  8. city planners can create a good living environment
  9. crime can be found in the countryside as well
  Against :
  1. it is unhealthy (e.g., water and air pollution )
  2. it is not a good environment for children
  3. it is devoid of Nature and distinct seasons
  4. it is noisy and dangerous
  5. it makes people nervous and even neurotic
  6. it has created awful slums
  7. cities are overcrowded and expensive
  8. many city dwellers long to return to the countryside
  9. city housing projects are unpopular
  5. Informing Patients Of Cancer
  For:
  1. patients want to know
  2. it is wrong to hide the truth
  3. it is not a shock for the patient but for his family
  4. it gives the patient a chance to plan his last days
  5. it is the patient' s body, not the doctor' s
  6. doctors are for it (in the U. S.)
  7. it allows a person to choose alternate means of treatment
  Against:
  1. it is heartless and cruel
  2. it may make the patient give up
  3. it causes depression
  4. it can lead to suicide
  5. most relatives are against it
  6. a white lie can save undue suffering
  7. doctors are against it (in Japan)
  6. Social Security
  For:
  1. the state should help the poor, aged, unemployed, and sick
  2. the state should provide good health care for its citizens
  3. the strong must help the weak
  4. Social Darwinism is outdated
  5. there will always be social misfits that need help
  6. all religions stress charity
  7. all advanced countries have some form of social security
  Against :
  1. it costs too much
  2. it encourages laziness and destroys the work ethic
  3. it does not work efficiently
  4. people should look after themselves
  5. it results in heavy taxes
  6. Social Darwinism tells us that life is the "survival of the fittest"
  7. there are no freebies in life
  7.Coeducation
  For :
  1. it is natural (i.e., adult society is not segregated )
  2. it gives men and women a chance to better understand one another
  3. it gives men and women a chance to compete with one another
  4. it is the modern trend
  5. it has many practical advantages (e.g., school plays, music groups)
  6. it produces well-adjusted adults
  7. most parents prefer coeducation.
  8. separate schools foster sexual rivalry
  9. women become neurotic in all-women' s schools
  Against :
  1. women do better academically in their own colleges
  2. women are in college to get an education, not a husband
  3. women have their own values to develop
  4. it can lead to intimacy and promiscuity
  5. it is still rare in some countries
  6. it is opposed by some parents
  7. it robs women of their self-confidence
  8. separate schools have existed for centuries
  9. marry great men and women attended separate schools
  8. Corporal Punishment
  For :
  1. children are not adults
  2. children respect discipline
  3. it is a check on excessive permissiveness
  4. it does no permanent damage because children are hardy creatures
  5. it is opposed only by mixed-up psychologists
  6. it is a form of training
  7. it builds real character
  8. it reinforces the authority of teachers and parents
  9. it works to control juvenile delinquency
  10. there is the saying: Spare the rod and spoil the child
  Against :
  1. it is barbarous
  2. Freud said it is wrong
  3. love is better than physical punishment
  4. it can cause psychological problems
  5. it is not necessary if children are raised correctly
  6. it is an emotional, irrational response
  7. it can result in a lawsuit
  8. beatings have been known to result in death
  9. there is the saying : Violence begets violence
  9.Organ Transplants
  For :
  1. they prolong life
  2. they are supported by the medical profession
  3. they enhance medical science
  4. they are a challenge to surgeons
  5. critically ill people want transplants in order to live
  6. costs will come down as the surgery becomes routine
  7. there is no "time" to die
  8. death is defined as brain death
  9. the drugs cyclosporine and FK-506 have helped eliminate the problem of rejection
  Against :
  1. they are too expensive
  2. they favor the rich
  3. they encourage the poor in Third World countries to sell their organs
  4. they are unnatural as seen by the body' s rejection
  5. they are often unsuccessful
  6. the idea is sinister
  7. Nature has decided when we should die
  8. the process of deciding who gets the next available organ is unfair
  9. there is as yet no agreement on what constitutes death (brain -dead versus heart-dead)
  10.Civil Disobedience
  For :
  1. it draws attention to unjust of unconstitutional laws
  2. it is a matter of religious or moral convictions
  3. it is the only way to fight oppression
  4. it is usually nonviolent
  5. it is used only in extreme circumstances
  6. it goes back to the time of Jesus Christ
  7. it is common, like cheating on taxes and illegal parking
  8. God' s laws take precedence over man' s laws
  9. protestors are ready to accept punishment for their beliefs
  10. many famous people have engaged in civil disobedience (e.g., Mahatma Gandhi and Andrei     Sakharov)
  11. there are many famous examples such as the Boston Tea Party and conscientious objectors    during the Vietnam War
  Against :
  1. no one is above the law
  2. it can quickly destroy law and order
  3. it leads to anarchy
  4. it leads to contempt for all laws
  5. protestors are cowards trying to escape punishment
  6. protestors often resort to violence
  7. the democratic process should be used to effect change
  11.Abortion
  For :
  1. it is a woman' s fundamental right, say abortion-rights advocates
  2. it is necessary for unwed mothers
  3. it is necessary for rape victims
  4. it is necessary in some cases to save a mother' s life
  5. procreation is a couple' s choice
  6. it is a form of birth control
  7. poor, illiterate women want it
  8. most women support it
  9. it is necessary to prevent overpopulation
  10. it prevents unwanted babies from coming into the world
  11. it is not murder because a fetus is not yet a human being
  Against:
  1. it is murder (infanticide), say anti-choice groups
  2. life begins at conception
  3. it is an unnatural practice
  4. it is immoral because only God can take a life
  5. a fetus is a human being-unborn but viable
  6. the rights of a fetus must be protected
  7. it is painful for the fetus-a barbaric practice
  8. it is not the same as other modern birth-control devices
  9. it causes many women to have guilt feelings
  10.unwanted babies can be put up for adoption
  12. Censorship
  For :
  1. it is for the good of society
  2. it protects children
  3. every society has some form of censorship
  4. the individual is less important than the community
  5. absolute freedom leads to anarchy
  6. many adults are not mature enough to make their own decisions
  7. it can be carried out wisely
  8. pornography is not art
  9. pornography is in the hands of unscrupulous people
  10.obscene works should be banned
  11.it is necessary in times of war
  Against :
  1. it limits the individual' s freedom and human rights
  2. it is not consistent with democracy
  3. it is subjective and not objective
  4. it creates the problem of who will censor
  5. it is disappearing in advanced countries
  6. it deprives adults of their right to make decisions
  7. it can be applied to all aspects of our lives
  8. it is the first step toward totalitarianism
  9. it draws attention to banned works and increases sales
  10. voluntary censorship is better
  13. Equality Of the Sexes
  For :
  1. we all have the same Creator
  2. matriarchal societies go back thousands of years
  3. all advanced societies have given women equal rights
  4. most companies have adopted equal pay for equal work
  5. there are no skills women cannot master
  6. there are even women body builders
  7. men have a basic inferiority complex
  8. women are more interested in peace than men
  9. some world leaders are women (e.g., Margaret Thatcher )
  10. women are superior to men in some fields
  11.no scientific studies back up the stereotypes men have of women
  Against :
  1. women have a different biological function
  2. women are physically weaker than men
  3. women can' t be mothers and career women at the same time
  4. many women want to depend on men
  5. most women want to stay at home and be mothers
  6. women haven' t been given the vote in some countries
  7. women are emotional and irrational
  8. women think intuitively (no famous women philosophers)
  9. hormones cause women to behave differently
  14.Foreign Aid
  For :
  1. it is humane
  2. the rich should help the poor
  3. all religions teach charity
  4. it seeks to end poverty, disease, and illiteracy
 5. it can be used to help refugees and combat slavery
  6. it is given by all advanced countries
  7. it is supported by the Red Cross and the United Nations
  8. it helped rebuild Japan and Germany
  9. it increases world trade
  10.it achieves political objectives
  11.it promotes national security
  Against :
  1. it is degrading to the recipient
  2. it is never appreciated
  3. it leads to feelings of inferiority
  4. it limits the independence of developing countries
  5. it subsidizes laziness
  6. it often goes into the pockets of corrupt officials
  7. it supports Third World dictatorships
  8. it can be culturally damaging
  9. it has divided the United Nations
  10.the money should be spent at home for one' s own people
  15.Divorce
  For :
  1. it is the logical solution to a bad marriage
  2. it allows both persons to seek happiness in a second marriage
  3. it dates from as early as ancient Babylonia
  4. it is legally recognized by most countries
  5. it is accepted by most people
  6. remarriage is a right
  7. it is necessary in cases of adultery, alcoholism, desertion, drug addiction, and mental and   physical cruelty
  8. children are better off living with one parent than with both in an unhappy environment
  9. feminists support it
  Against :
  1. it breaks up the family
  2. it makes it too easy for two persons to walk out of their marriage
  3. it is opposed by various religions
  4.it is banned by some countries
  5. it was uncommon until fifty years ago
  6. marriage is a serious responsibility
  7. it is a sign of immaturity
  8. counseling is the solution
  9. it harms children emotionally
  10.children need both parents
  11.child custody decisions are messy
  16.Compulsory Military Service
  For :
  1. it aims to strengthen national defense
  2. it teaches young men discipline
  3. it builds character and physical fithess
  4. it teaches valuable skills
  5. it nurtures a spirit of comradeship an equality
  6. it offers opportunities for overseas travel
  7. it exists in many countries (e.g., Switzerland, Singapore)
  8. it reduces unemployment
  9. it instills a sense of patriotism
  Against:
  1. it is unnecessary in view of today' s professional armies
  2. it is a step away from peace
  3. some countries have abolished it (e. g., the U.S., Japan)
  4. today' s armies do not need unskilled manpower
  5. it interrupts young men' s studies and careers
  6. it is a useless experience
  7. it is a source of slave labor
  8. it results in bullying and conformity
  9. it does not build character
  10.it can cause mental disorders
  11.military skills are useless in private industry
  17.Voluntary Euthanasia
  For :
  1. it is a basic right-the right to die
  2. the Greek origin of the word euthanasia means "good death "
  3. it allows one to die with dignity
  4. it allows one to choose the time and place of death
  5. it is logical and humane
  6. it can be regulated with safeguards (e.g., the person must be rationally lucid)
  7. it is painless
  8. it is the solution to a terminal illness with suffering
  9. the dying want it
  10.some doctors will assist the patient to end his life
  11.it recognizes death as a natural, biological process
  12.doctor-assisted suicide is legal in Holland, under certain guidelines
  Against :
  1. it is murder or suicide
  2. it is illegal in most countries
  3. most doctors oppose it
  4. it is a first step to killing the old and infirm
  5. it is irreversible in the event of a new cure
  6. only God can end a life
  7. most religions oppose it
  8. suicide is always irrational
  9. the dying are too sick to know what they want
  10.the dying should look to hospices that dispense painkillers
  11.it can be abused by greedy persons seeking an inheritance
  18.Capital Punishment
  For:
  1. it frightens would-be criminals (acts as a deterrent )
  2. it serves as a just reward for killers
  3. it lowers crime rates
  4. it is more economical than a life sentence (saves the state money)
  5. in rare cases it may lead to the death of an innocent person, but this cannot be helped
  6. most countries practice it
  7. killers should not be allowed to become hero-figures
  8. a life sentence is never for life but for only a few years
  9. killers are heartless and cruel and should not be protected by sociologists
  Against :
  1. it frightens no one
  2. it is motivated by revenge and not justice
  3. it does not lower crime rates
  4. it can lead to the death of an innocent person (a mistake)
  5. it is a barbaric practice (hanging, electric chairs, gas chambers)
  6. it is unjust because only God can take away life
  7. the real solution to crime is the elimination of social injustices and rehabilitation
  8. killers are often mentally ill and in need of medical treatment
  9. the death penalty is being abandoned by many countries
  
  19.Trade Protectionism
  For :
  1. industries need government protection
  2. no nation can allow its industries to be destroyed
  3. agriculture must be protected for national security reasons
  4. real free trade doesn' t exist and never has
  5. national security is more important than idealistic trade principles
  6. it has made Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan prosperous
  7. every nation ' s economy is shaped by its own culture
  8. there are various forms of free-market economy
  9. every nation should have an industrial policy
  10.governments must provide jobs for their workers by whatever means
  Against :
  1. it invites retaliation
  2. it invites reciprocity based on a quid pro quo basis
  3. it impedes world trade and prosperity
  4. it hurts poor, underdeveloped countries
  5. it leads to trade wars
  6. it makes industries less competitive
  7. it costs taxpayers large sums of money
  8. it gives consumers less choice
  9. it is denounced by most nations
  10.it is based not just on high tariffs but also on government regulations, inspections,      certification, and distribution
  20.Nuclear Power
  For:
  1. it provides huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel
  2. it is the best source of energy for countries without oil
  3. the world' s supply of oil will be exhausted in 90 years
  4. it already produces most of the energy needs of some countries
  5. it could supply all the world' s electricity for millions of years if fully developed
  6. it is safe if properly supervised
  7. nuclear power plants create less air pollution than fossil-fuel power plants
  8. the issue has become far too emotional
  Against :
  1. it is too dangerous (e.g., Chernobyl accident)
  2. most people are afraid of it
  3. the world' s supply of uranium is fast decreasing
  4. it is better to develop other sources of energy (e.g., fusion)
  5. radioactive wastes cannot be disposed of
  6. it can produce nuclear weapons for warfare
  7. certain radical world leaders are trying to buy nuclear weapons
  8. nuclear plants are expensive to build
  9. the U.S. is slowly closing down its nuclear power plants
  10.nuclear wastes can cause cancer

  
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 楼主| 发表于 2007-8-8 02:14:37 | 显示全部楼层

回复: 托福作文技巧搜集


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七。TOEFL班的托福作文模板,100句常用句型按照托福作文结构组合而成。


作文文套一

A or B

Depending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, we find that some people hold the idea of A meanwhile others prefer to B, from my point of view, it is more advisable to chose A rather than B. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.

The main reason for my propensity for A is that___________________________.就理由进行解释_____________________.For instance,____________________

Another reason can be seen by every one is that____________________________.就理由进行解释___________________For example,____________________

The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because_____________________________

Although I agree that there may be a couple of advantages of B, I feel that the disadvantages are more obvious. Such as________________.

In a word, ________________________________________________.So, it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to A.

作文文套二

A or B

将原题复述___________________________________________When faced with the decision of A of B, quite a few would deem that______________________, but others, in contrast, believe A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point. Among countless factors which influence -A/-B, there are three conspicuous aspects as follows.

The main reason for my propensity fo _________is that___________________

The second reason can be seen by every person that________.

In addition, these reason are also usable when we consider that_________.

There are some disadvantages in____________________另一种观点的缺点__________.

In a word, _____________重复观点句并缩写理由__________________.Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that___________.

作文文套三

单一命题式

The answer of this statement depends on your own experience and life style. In my point view, buying computers is as important as, if not more important than, buying books. So it is sagacious to ____________.Among countless factors which influence the choice, these are three conspicuous aspects as follows.

The main reason for my propensity for__________is that____________.

Another reason can be seen by every person is that________________.

Futhermore,______________.

In short,_________________复述前文中的理由______________.

作文文套四

agree or disagree

Some people argue as if it is a general truth that a _____________________________.But to be frank, I cannot agree with them. There are numerous reasons why I hold no confidence on them, and I would explore only a few primary ones here.

The main problem with this argument is that it is ignorant o the basic fact that______________解释本段中心___________.

Another reason why I disagree with the above statement is that I believe that______________.

What is more, some students are interested in____________.

In a word, ________________.

作文文套五

A or B

Some people prefer to A. others believe B. When faced with the decision of A or B, quite a few would claim that______________, but others, in contrast , deem A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point. There are numerous reasons why___________, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here.

The main reason why I agree with the above statement, however, is that_____________________. Take___________as example, ______________.
There is another factor that deserves some words here. Such as ________________________.

Similarly, these reasons are also usable when we consider that______________.(exmaples:___________).

From the above you might got idea that I agree______________.(repeat the above three reason____________).So, it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to _______________.

作文文套六

Agree or disagree

Some people prefer to A, others believe B, Nowadays some may hold the opinion that ________________, but others have a negative attitude. As far as I am concerned, I agree/disagree that_______________. MY arguments for this point are listed as follows.

One of the primary causes is that_______________________.

Examples_______________.

But there is a fruther more subtle point we must consider. Examples.

What is more_______________. Examples___________

General speaking, __________. Recongizing the fact that _______________should drive us to conclude that______________.

作文文套七

A or B

In my point of view, A is as important as, if not more important than B. So it is sagacious to choose A. Among count less factors which influence A. there are three conspicuous aspects as follows.

The above point is certainly true if A is considered. For exmaple,___________________

Another reason why I agree with the above statement is that I believe that A is better than B. For instance,_______________

It would probably not be too kindly disposed to the idea that B is not important . B________也好_________.

In a word, to choose A or B is something of a dilemma to the public because they sometimes are confused by the seemingly good qualities of B, and neglect hte genuinely good aspects of A. For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that A, but not B.

作文文套八

A or B

When faced with the decision of A or B, quite a few would claim that A, but others, in contrast, deem B as the premier choice and that is also my point. This quite different view is based on the propensity of following points.

We may look into every possible reason, however, fore most reason for B is ____________________. For example, ______________.

Also, ________________________.

This is arbitray to judge B according only to the excuse I mentioned in the above paragraph.

Similarly, these reasons are also usable when we consider that________________.
Admittedly, __________________A也有好的地方______________.By he same token, however, ______________B更好____________.Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that_____________.


作文文套九

A or B

When it comes to______________, Nevertheless, in my part, I prefer A rather than B as my inclination. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.
I agree with the statement that _________without reservation since___________.

Naturally___________.It can be given a concrete example__________.
A more essential factor why I advocate the argument of __________is that. Obviously ________________.Take the case of a thing that____________.
Futhermore, what is worth noticing fact is that ________________. This demonstrates the undeniable fact that__________________.

Of course, choosing B also has advantages to some extent,_______________此处论述B的1-2优点___________.But if all these factors are contemplated, the advantages of A carry more weight than those of B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that_____________.

作文文套十

____________改写并复述题目____________. There may be by one or two disadvantages to ___________________; however, I believe that there are far more advantages. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.

First of all, perhaps one disadvantages to____________is that______________.For instance, __________________. Another drawback to _____________involves the possibility that____________. For example, ____________.

Even though there may be one or two disadvantages to____________, the advantages far outweigh them. The main reason for my propensity for __________is that _________. For exmaple_____________.

Another reason for my inclination for _____________ is that _________________. For example, _________________.

In a word, in spite of the fact that there may be a couple of disadvantages to _____________, I feel that the advantages are more obvious___________.重复优点__________.Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that _____________.

作文文套十二

A or B

____________改写并复述题目____________.The advantages of B carry more weight than those of A. There are numerous reasons why __________, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here.
One of the primary cause is that_______________________.

What is also worth noticing fact is that_____________________.

Futhermore, ________________________.

Although I agree that there may be couple of disadvantages to_________________.I fell that the advantages are more obvious_____________.
_______________, Given the factors I have just outlined, I can only say that___________________.

作文文套十三

A or B

____________改写并复述题目____________.When faced withe decision of A or B, quite a few would claim that ___________, but others, in contrast, deem A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point. Among countless factors which influence _________, there are three conspicuous aspects as follows.

The main reason for my propensity for ________________ is that _____________.
Another reason can be seen by every person is that___________________.

The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because ________________________.

In a word, ___________________. Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that ____________________.

作文文套十四

A or B

From my point of view, it is advisable to choose A rather than B. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.

The main reason for my propensity for ____________________ is that ________________.

There is another factor that deserves some words here.

In a word, ________________________. While it is true that the argument, I disagree hold a little bit of water, I think_______________.

作文文套十五

agree or disagree

Nowadays, some may hold the opinion that ____________________. But others have a negative attitude. As far as I am concerned, I agree that ____________. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.
I agree with the statement that ______________________without reservation since ________________.

Another reason why I agree with the above statement is that I believe that________________.

In a word, _________________________. Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that__________.
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发表于 2007-8-8 04:29:33 | 显示全部楼层

回复: 托福作文技巧搜集

好。收藏。







有一、二、三、四、六、七。


缺五。?
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发表于 2007-8-8 04:58:10 | 显示全部楼层
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发表于 2007-8-8 13:30:34 | 显示全部楼层

回复: 托福作文技巧搜集

detailed,studying
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 楼主| 发表于 2007-8-8 22:09:09 | 显示全部楼层

回复: 托福作文技巧搜集

Post by 海阔天空;709841
好。收藏。







有一、二、三、四、六、七。


缺五。?
今天说了这么多话啊?
太细心,偶查查。
多谢张张,我只考类似托福的作文,所以只搜了作文,呵呵。我去好好看!!
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 楼主| 发表于 2007-8-8 22:16:40 | 显示全部楼层

回复: 托福作文技巧搜集

张仙:考试讨论专栏 ,都没有权限。下载受限,要不要解除掉啊,不然平常人用不上,真可惜啦!
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发表于 2007-8-8 23:05:33 | 显示全部楼层

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Post by mont;710653
张仙:考试讨论专栏 ,都没有权限。下载受限,要不要解除掉啊,不然平常人用不上,真可惜啦!


不知道需要什么权限?
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 楼主| 发表于 2007-8-9 20:49:00 | 显示全部楼层

回复: 托福作文技巧搜集

不知道呀,不过这么多资料已经看不过来了,还是不下了吧。
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发表于 2007-8-10 04:33:27 | 显示全部楼层

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Post by mont;711350
不知道呀,不过这么多资料已经看不过来了,还是不下了吧。

书不在多,而在精!
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发表于 2007-8-10 08:27:49 | 显示全部楼层
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